englanti

Automated driving is expected to improve road safety and traffic efficiency. Host vehicle onboard sensing systems typically sense the environment up to 250 m ahead of the vehicle. Today's LiDARs can see approximately 120 m, and recognition of small objects, such as animals or dropped cargo, however, today reliably drop when range is more than 50m. Connected driving adds an electronic horizon to the onboard sensing system which could extend the sensing range and greatly improves the efficiency.

PTAs have the possibility to act as trendsetters for sustainable mobility. Helsinki Region Transport (HSL) already has managed to cut both local and greenhouse gas emissions of buses significantly. The goals are quite ambitious; by 2025 HSL wants to achieve a reduction of 90 % or more for emissions of carbon dioxide and pollutants, compared to the year 2010. Within the partnership with HSL, VTT has tested more than 200 buses, and conducted several field tests.

This dissertation studies the usage of user experience (UX) goals in early-stage human-centred design activities regarding safety-critical systems. The purpose of UX goals is to describe the desired user experiences to be focused on in the design work. The safety-critical technology environments of the empirical research of this thesis include rapid transit systems, container cranes in ports, command bridges of ships, and cars with driver-assistance systems.

Light detection and ranging sensors (LiDARS) are the most promising devices for range sensing in automated cars and therefore, have been under intensive development for the last five years. Even though various types of resolutions and scanning principles have been proposed, adverse weather conditions are still challenging for optical sensing principles. This paper investigates proposed methods in the literature and adopts a common validation method to perform both indoor and outdoor tests to examine how fog and snow affect performances of different LiDARs.